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Download references. We appreciate the distribution data for wild pigs in Canada provided by R. Kost and R. Brook, synthesis of wild pig distribution in Africa and South America by C. Larson, and the dingo distribution data in Australia provided by P. DiSalvo and M. Foley assisted with acquiring literature on density estimates. McClure assisted with cross validation of model results. We thank three anonymous reviewers, S.
Sweeney and B. Dickson for providing thoughtful feedback that improved earlier versions of this paper. Jesse S. Lewis, Matthew L. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
CB created the large carnivore richness GIS layer and wild pig global range figure. Correspondence to Jesse S. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and Permissions.
Lewis, J. Sci Rep 7, Download citation. Received : 04 November Accepted : 03 February Published : 09 March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
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Abstract Biotic and abiotic factors are increasingly acknowledged to synergistically shape broad-scale species distributions.
Introduction Predicting and mapping species distributions, including geographic range and variability in abundance, is fundamental to the conservation and management of biodiversity and landscapes 1. Figure 1: Geographic range of wild pigs across their native and non-native global distribution. Full size image. Table 1 Description of landscape variables considered in analyses evaluating how biotic and abiotic factors influenced wild pig population density across their global distribution.
Full size table. Table 2 Model selection results using Akaike Information Criteria AIC c from analyses evaluating how population density of wild pigs was related to biotic and abiotic factors. Table 3 Model selection results for parameters evaluating how population density of wild pigs is influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. Figure 2. Figure 3: Map of predicted population density of wild pigs for habitat occurring across the world. Discussion Population density of an invasive large mammal was strongly influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors across its global distribution.
Methods Density Estimates To evaluate the population density i. Landscape Variables We considered a suite of biotic and abiotic landscape variables, which were divided into vegetation, predation, and climate factors Table 1 that we hypothesized to influence population density of wild pigs.
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The reliability of the results can be checked by taking many samples. Soil moisture and soil pH meters are also available. Both are used by simply pushing the probe into the soil and reading the meter. Errors can be made when measuring pH and soil moisture when probes are not cleaned between readings. Get to know more about these features and the.. Learn about community patterns and the ecological factors influencing these patterns. Revisit some of the ecosystems you've learned about earlier to learn more about the possible impacts of natural and human-induced environmental changes A still body of water may be disturbed by a variety of factors.
One of them is wind. In fact, it is considered as the prime factor responsible for water disturbance. Such disturbance can affect the distribution of organisms in the habitat. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. Skip to content. Image Sidewinder in Desert Species are not only adapted other living things within their ecosystems but also to the abiotic factors—nonliving physical and chemical aspects—in their environments.
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